Its pretty much gauranteed that you will not find out exactly why your girl came in on a short cycle, if its truly a short cycle. It could also be a split heat, where this is the fertile cycle. The science just isn't there in the dog world, to know for sure, although there are A LOT of OPINIONS on the subject.
There are A LOT of things that can effect cycles, implantation, and fertility in general. Even being around other bitches coming into season can cause them to come in prematurely.
Its VERY difficult for a Vet to see the Ovaries with an Ultrasound, let alone see if there are any problems. When doing an implant they do not go deep enough to look at the ovaries. They can only look at the condition of the Uterus (lesions/cysts) as well as check for strictures, that might cause problems with normal AI's, ties and birthing. Most short cycling 'starts' with the pituitary gland not keeping a correct clock, which triggers cycles. So the rest is basically resulting conditions that are brought on by two short of a time between cycles. Its a catch 22 scenario. Thats why they suggest the season suppression drugs (Cheque Drops) to try and get the needed time to recover. That time being 120 days (some say 117 days) between cycles for the uterus to heal from slothing off the cells.
You might want to check out the other thread that started about Dr Huchinson and went on to discuss Progesterone Levels.
http://www.newf.net/Forums/showthread.php?t=54377
By checking Progesterone after you breed your just verifying that a pregnancy can be maintained, as a bitches progesterone should stay elevated above 4 for roughly 60 days after ovulation weather they are bred or not. This will not tell you why she did not conceive, only that she can maintain after implantation of the embrios. If it does not hold for 60 days your then looking at weather you really want to breed her at all, given the need to Progesterone Supplementation to maintain the pregnancy, which is very controversial due to being risky.
From the Progesterone Numbers that you have posted here, I would say you bred too late. It doesn't matter how HIGH the number goes, you want to pinpoint 1.5-2 (see what was wrote in the other thread in the above link) and then that NORMALLY doubles in two days, to 4-5 then you breed two days later. Just keep in mind that not every bitch will be 4-5 in two days, but that Ova has been released and the cycle has begun. You just want the numbers to continue to rise but they can fluctuated from day to day.
One thing I have found in my search on this subject is the lack of science behind the different theories presenting in Canine Repro. Most breeders and Vets will tell you to spay her and move on to the next girl, instead of trying to find the reason behind it. Its a difficult subject.